.. _pygplates_create_topological_features:

Create topological features
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

This example uses existing regular features to create the following new topological features:

- topological line feature
- topological polygon feature (which also uses the topological line feature)
- topological network feature (which also uses the topological line feature)

.. note:: Creating topological features is different than :func:`resolving/reconstructing<pygplates.resolve_topologies>`
   them to a specific reconstruction time. Typically topological features are created/built using GPlates,
   but they can also be created using pyGPlates and this section shows how to do that.

.. contents::
   :local:
   :depth: 2

Sample code
"""""""""""

::

    import pygplates


    def find_referenced_features(
            features,
            referenced_feature_id_strings):
        
        referenced_feature_features = []
        
        for referenced_feature_id_string in referenced_feature_id_strings:
            for feature in features:
                if feature.get_feature_id().get_string() == referenced_feature_id_string:
                    referenced_feature_features.append(feature)
                    break
        
        return referenced_feature_features


    def create_topological_sections(
            referenced_features,
            topological_geometry_type):
        
        topological_sections = []
        
        for referenced_feature in referenced_features:
            topological_section = pygplates.GpmlTopologicalSection.create(
                referenced_feature,
                topological_geometry_type=topological_geometry_type)
            if topological_section:
                topological_sections.append(topological_section)
        
        return topological_sections


    def create_topological_network_interiors(
            referenced_features):
        
        topological_network_interiors = []
        
        for referenced_feature in referenced_features:
            topological_network_interior = pygplates.GpmlTopologicalSection.create_network_interior(
                referenced_feature)
            if topological_network_interior:
                topological_network_interiors.append(topological_network_interior)
        
        return topological_network_interiors


    def create_topological_line_feature(
            features,
            topological_line_referenced_feature_id_strings,
            topological_line_feature_type):
        
        topological_line_referenced_features = find_referenced_features(
            features,
            topological_line_referenced_feature_id_strings)
        topological_line_sections = create_topological_sections(
            topological_line_referenced_features,
            pygplates.GpmlTopologicalLine)
        topological_line_feature = pygplates.Feature.create_topological_feature(
            topological_line_feature_type,
            pygplates.GpmlTopologicalLine(topological_line_sections))
        
        return topological_line_feature


    def create_topological_polygon_feature(
            features,
            topological_polygon_referenced_feature_id_strings,
            topological_polygon_feature_type):
        
        topological_polygon_referenced_features = find_referenced_features(
            features,
            topological_polygon_referenced_feature_id_strings)
        topological_polygon_sections = create_topological_sections(
            topological_polygon_referenced_features,
            pygplates.GpmlTopologicalPolygon)
        topological_polygon_feature = pygplates.Feature.create_topological_feature(
            topological_polygon_feature_type,
            pygplates.GpmlTopologicalPolygon(topological_polygon_sections))
        
        return topological_polygon_feature


    def create_topological_network_feature(
            features,
            topological_network_boundary_referenced_feature_id_strings,
            topological_network_interior_referenced_feature_id_strings,
            topological_network_feature_type):
        
        topological_network_boundary_referenced_features = find_referenced_features(
            features,
            topological_network_boundary_referenced_feature_id_strings)
        topological_network_boundary_sections = create_topological_sections(
            topological_network_boundary_referenced_features,
            pygplates.GpmlTopologicalNetwork)
        
        topological_network_interior_referenced_features = find_referenced_features(
            features,
            topological_network_interior_referenced_feature_id_strings)
        topological_network_interiors = create_topological_network_interiors(
            topological_network_interior_referenced_features)
        
        topological_network_feature = pygplates.Feature.create_topological_feature(
            topological_network_feature_type,
            pygplates.GpmlTopologicalNetwork(
                topological_network_boundary_sections,
                topological_network_interiors))
        
        return topological_network_feature
    
    
    # The topological features we'll create.
    topological_features = []
    
    # Load the features that our topologies can reference.
    features = pygplates.FeatureCollection('features.gpml')
    
    topological_line_referenced_feature_id_strings = [
        'GPlates-56f3c23d-1ee5-47a9-a46e-006d2aa463c3',
        'GPlates-0ba4c93d-474e-4d9b-8f1b-618cb21024de',
        'GPlates-84be6d41-6c32-4184-9c44-c38e399090a0',
        'GPlates-3df7a9df-aefc-403e-a16c-faf203776fd1',
        'GPlates-56f22e61-ddd5-4c2f-ae41-54e5f66f47ec']
    
    # Create a topological line.
    topological_line_feature = create_topological_line_feature(
            features,
            topological_line_referenced_feature_id_strings,
            pygplates.FeatureType.gpml_unclassified_feature)
    topological_features.append(topological_line_feature)
    
    # Add the topological line to the list of features that topologies can reference.
    # The topological line will be referenced in turn by a topological polygon and a topological network (below).
    features.add(topological_line_feature)
    
    topological_polygon_referenced_feature_id_strings = [
        'GPlates-5369725b-5ca6-49b2-83c6-0417dbb5fca2',
        'GPlates-48bd0e0f-e7c8-4dea-9e0a-4bc0e1403db6',
        'GPlates-71470e03-9e99-4205-80d9-727d7a3700de',
        # Topological polygon references the topological line we created...
        topological_line_feature.get_feature_id().get_string()]
    
    # Create a topological polygon.
    topological_polygon_feature = create_topological_polygon_feature(
        features,
        topological_polygon_referenced_feature_id_strings,
        pygplates.FeatureType.gpml_topological_closed_plate_boundary)
    topological_features.append(topological_polygon_feature)
    
    topological_network_boundary_referenced_feature_id_strings = [
        'GPlates-63b81b91-b7a0-4ad7-908d-16db3c70e6ed',
        'GPlates-aa1d0d5a-0445-4380-a516-d2bc66e477a7',
        'GPlates-e184b54d-abb0-465b-8820-c73c543d2562',
        'GPlates-5369725b-5ca6-49b2-83c6-0417dbb5fca2',
        # Topological network references the topological line we created...
        topological_line_feature.get_feature_id().get_string(),
        'GPlates-cc5b9027-d227-4e97-bb06-df26786fd1ec']
    topological_network_interior_referenced_feature_id_strings = [
        'GPlates-56ffca31-df55-4a3e-b943-06faa1407fed',
        'GPlates-a913e755-deaf-4bc5-918a-a124611341c1']
    
    # Create a topological network.
    topological_network_feature = create_topological_network_feature(
        features,
        topological_network_boundary_referenced_feature_id_strings,
        topological_network_interior_referenced_feature_id_strings,
        pygplates.FeatureType.gpml_topological_network)
    topological_features.append(topological_network_feature)
    
    # Save the topological features we created.
    pygplates.FeatureCollection(topological_features).write('topologies.gpml')

Details
"""""""

First we load the GPML file `features.gpml` containing the regular features (see :ref:`pygplates_create_topological_features_input`):
::

    features = pygplates.FeatureCollection('features.gpml')

Then we collect a list of features ID strings identifying some of the regular features we just loaded
(see the `gpml:identity` tags in :ref:`pygplates_create_topological_features_input`) that our new topological *line* will reference:
::

    topological_line_referenced_feature_id_strings = [
        'GPlates-56f3c23d-1ee5-47a9-a46e-006d2aa463c3',
        'GPlates-0ba4c93d-474e-4d9b-8f1b-618cb21024de',
        'GPlates-84be6d41-6c32-4184-9c44-c38e399090a0',
        'GPlates-3df7a9df-aefc-403e-a16c-faf203776fd1',
        'GPlates-56f22e61-ddd5-4c2f-ae41-54e5f66f47ec']

Then we create the topological *line* feature by calling our own function :ref:`create_topological_line_feature<pygplates_create_topological_line_feature>`,
passing the regular features, the list of features referenced by the topological line and the feature type of the topological line:
::

    topological_line_feature = create_topological_line_feature(
            features,
            topological_line_referenced_feature_id_strings,
            pygplates.FeatureType.gpml_unclassified_feature)

Then we add the topological *line* feature to the list of features because it will be referenced in turn by our new topological polygon and topological network:
::

    features.add(topological_line_feature)

Then we collect a list of features ID strings that our new topological *polygon* will reference:
::

    topological_polygon_referenced_feature_id_strings = [
        'GPlates-5369725b-5ca6-49b2-83c6-0417dbb5fca2',
        'GPlates-48bd0e0f-e7c8-4dea-9e0a-4bc0e1403db6',
        'GPlates-71470e03-9e99-4205-80d9-727d7a3700de',
        # Topological polygon references the topological line we created...
        topological_line_feature.get_feature_id().get_string()]

.. note:: The topological *polygon* feature references the topological *line* feature that we just created (in addition to regular features) since
   it forms part of the boundary of the *polygon*.

Then we create the topological *polygon* feature by calling our own function :ref:`create_topological_polygon_feature<pygplates_create_topological_polygon_feature>`,
passing the regular features (and topological *line*), the list of features referenced by the topological polygon and the feature type of the topological polygon:
::

    topological_polygon_feature = create_topological_polygon_feature(
        features,
        topological_polygon_referenced_feature_id_strings,
        pygplates.FeatureType.gpml_topological_closed_plate_boundary)

Then we collect a list of features ID strings that our new topological *polygon* will reference.
A topological network has a boundary (which is a list of boundary sections) and interior geometries (which is a list of interior sections).
So we have two lists of feature ID strings:
::

    topological_network_boundary_referenced_feature_id_strings = [
        'GPlates-63b81b91-b7a0-4ad7-908d-16db3c70e6ed',
        'GPlates-aa1d0d5a-0445-4380-a516-d2bc66e477a7',
        'GPlates-e184b54d-abb0-465b-8820-c73c543d2562',
        'GPlates-5369725b-5ca6-49b2-83c6-0417dbb5fca2',
        # Topological network references the topological line we created...
        topological_line_feature.get_feature_id().get_string(),
        'GPlates-cc5b9027-d227-4e97-bb06-df26786fd1ec']
    
    topological_network_interior_referenced_feature_id_strings = [
        'GPlates-56ffca31-df55-4a3e-b943-06faa1407fed',
        'GPlates-a913e755-deaf-4bc5-918a-a124611341c1']

.. note:: The *boundary* of the topological network feature references the topological *line* feature that we created previously (in addition to regular features).

Then we create the topological *network* feature by calling our own function :ref:`create_topological_network_feature<pygplates_create_topological_network_feature>`,
passing the regular features (and topological *line*), the list of features referenced by the topological network *boundary*, the list of features referenced
by the topological network *interior* and the feature type of the topological network:
::

    topological_network_feature = create_topological_network_feature(
        features,
        topological_network_boundary_referenced_feature_id_strings,
        topological_network_interior_referenced_feature_id_strings,
        pygplates.FeatureType.gpml_topological_network)


.. _pygplates_create_topological_line_feature:

Create a topological line feature
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

::

    def create_topological_line_feature(
            features,
            topological_line_referenced_feature_id_strings,
            topological_line_feature_type):
        
        topological_line_referenced_features = find_referenced_features(
            features,
            topological_line_referenced_feature_id_strings)
        topological_line_sections = create_topological_sections(
            topological_line_referenced_features,
            pygplates.GpmlTopologicalLine)
        topological_line_feature = pygplates.Feature.create_topological_feature(
            topological_line_feature_type,
            pygplates.GpmlTopologicalLine(topological_line_sections))
        
        return topological_line_feature

First we find the regular features referenced by our topological line by calling our own function :ref:`find_referenced_features<pygplates_find_referenced_features>`,
passing the regular features and the list of features referenced by the topological line:
::

    topological_line_referenced_features = find_referenced_features(
        features,
        topological_line_referenced_feature_id_strings)

Then we wrap each referenced feature into a topological section by calling our own function :ref:`create_topological_sections<pygplates_create_topological_sections>`,
passing the features referenced by the topological line. We also specify the type of topological geometry we're creating, which is `pygplates.GpmlTopologicalLine`:
::

    topological_line_sections = create_topological_sections(
        topological_line_referenced_features,
        pygplates.GpmlTopologicalLine)

Finally we take our topological sections (that join together to form a line) and create a :class:`topological line geometry<pygplates.GpmlTopologicalLine>`.
We then pass that, along with the feature type, into :meth:`pygplates.Feature.create_topological_feature` to create our topological line feature:
::

    topological_line_feature = pygplates.Feature.create_topological_feature(
        topological_line_feature_type,
        pygplates.GpmlTopologicalLine(topological_line_sections))


.. _pygplates_create_topological_polygon_feature:

Create a topological polygon feature
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

::

    def create_topological_polygon_feature(
            features,
            topological_polygon_referenced_feature_id_strings,
            topological_polygon_feature_type):
        
        topological_polygon_referenced_features = find_referenced_features(
            features,
            topological_polygon_referenced_feature_id_strings)
        topological_polygon_sections = create_topological_sections(
            topological_polygon_referenced_features,
            pygplates.GpmlTopologicalPolygon)
        topological_polygon_feature = pygplates.Feature.create_topological_feature(
            topological_polygon_feature_type,
            pygplates.GpmlTopologicalPolygon(topological_polygon_sections))
        
        return topological_polygon_feature

First we find the regular features (and topological *line*) referenced by our topological polygon by calling our own function
:ref:`find_referenced_features<pygplates_find_referenced_features>`, passing the regular features and the list of features referenced by the topological polygon:
::

    topological_polygon_referenced_features = find_referenced_features(
        features,
        topological_polygon_referenced_feature_id_strings)

Then we wrap each referenced feature into a topological section by calling our own function :ref:`create_topological_sections<pygplates_create_topological_sections>`,
passing the features referenced by the topological polygon. We also specify the type of topological geometry we're creating, which is `pygplates.GpmlTopologicalPolygon`:
::

    topological_polygon_sections = create_topological_sections(
        topological_polygon_referenced_features,
        pygplates.GpmlTopologicalPolygon)

Finally we take our topological sections (that join together to form a polygon) and create a :class:`topological polygon geometry<pygplates.GpmlTopologicalPolygon>`.
We then pass that, along with the feature type, into :meth:`pygplates.Feature.create_topological_feature` to create our topological polygon feature:
::

    topological_polygon_feature = pygplates.Feature.create_topological_feature(
        topological_polygon_feature_type,
        pygplates.GpmlTopologicalPolygon(topological_polygon_sections))


.. _pygplates_create_topological_network_feature:

Create a topological network feature
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

::

    def create_topological_network_feature(
            features,
            topological_network_boundary_referenced_feature_id_strings,
            topological_network_interior_referenced_feature_id_strings,
            topological_network_feature_type):
        
        topological_network_boundary_referenced_features = find_referenced_features(
            features,
            topological_network_boundary_referenced_feature_id_strings)
        topological_network_boundary_sections = create_topological_sections(
            topological_network_boundary_referenced_features,
            pygplates.GpmlTopologicalNetwork)
        
        topological_network_interior_referenced_features = find_referenced_features(
            features,
            topological_network_interior_referenced_feature_id_strings)
        topological_network_interiors = create_topological_network_interiors(
            topological_network_interior_referenced_features)
        
        topological_network_feature = pygplates.Feature.create_topological_feature(
            topological_network_feature_type,
            pygplates.GpmlTopologicalNetwork(
                topological_network_boundary_sections,
                topological_network_interiors))
        
        return topological_network_feature

First we find the regular features (and topological *line*) referenced by the *boundary* of our topological network by calling our own function
:ref:`find_referenced_features<pygplates_find_referenced_features>`, passing the regular features and the list of features referenced by the network *boundary*.
We then wrap each referenced *boundary* feature into a topological section by calling our own function :ref:`create_topological_sections<pygplates_create_topological_sections>`,
passing the features referenced by the network *boundary*. We also specify the type of topological geometry we're creating, which is `pygplates.GpmlTopologicalNetwork`:
::

    topological_network_boundary_referenced_features = find_referenced_features(
        features,
        topological_network_boundary_referenced_feature_id_strings)
    topological_network_boundary_sections = create_topological_sections(
        topological_network_boundary_referenced_features,
        pygplates.GpmlTopologicalNetwork)

Next we find the regular features referenced by the *interior* of our topological network by calling our own function
:ref:`find_referenced_features<pygplates_find_referenced_features>`, passing the regular features and the list of features referenced by the network *interior*.
We then wrap each referenced *interior* feature into a topological section by calling our own function
:ref:`create_topological_network_interiors<pygplates_create_topological_network_interiors>` (similar to :ref:`create_topological_sections<pygplates_create_topological_sections>`
but specific to the network *interior*), passing the features referenced by the network *interior*.
::

    topological_network_interior_referenced_features = find_referenced_features(
        features,
        topological_network_interior_referenced_feature_id_strings)
    topological_network_interiors = create_topological_network_interiors(
        topological_network_interior_referenced_features)

Finally we take our topological *boundary* sections (that join together to form a polygon boundary) and our topological *interior* sections
(that form interior constraints within the deforming region) and create a :class:`topological network geometry<pygplates.GpmlTopologicalNetwork>`.
We then pass that, along with the feature type, into :meth:`pygplates.Feature.create_topological_feature` to create our topological network feature:
::

    topological_network_feature = pygplates.Feature.create_topological_feature(
        topological_network_feature_type,
        pygplates.GpmlTopologicalNetwork(
            topological_network_boundary_sections,
            topological_network_interiors))


.. _pygplates_find_referenced_features:

Find features referenced by a topology
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

::

    def find_referenced_features(
            features,
            referenced_feature_id_strings):
        
        referenced_feature_features = []
        
        for referenced_feature_id_string in referenced_feature_id_strings:
            for feature in features:
                if feature.get_feature_id().get_string() == referenced_feature_id_string:
                    referenced_feature_features.append(feature)
                    break
        
        return referenced_feature_features

This function simply iterates through the `features` and searches each feature's :meth:`feature ID<pygplates.Feature.get_feature_id>`
in the list of feature IDs referenced by the topological geometry. Any features that match are returned.


.. _pygplates_create_topological_sections:

Create a topological section for each referenced feature
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

::

    def create_topological_sections(
            referenced_features,
            topological_geometry_type):
        
        topological_sections = []
        
        for referenced_feature in referenced_features:
            topological_section = pygplates.GpmlTopologicalSection.create(
                referenced_feature,
                topological_geometry_type=topological_geometry_type)
            if topological_section:
                topological_sections.append(topological_section)
        
        return topological_sections

This function wraps each referenced feature in a :class:`topological section<pygplates.GpmlTopologicalSection>` by calling :meth:`pygplates.GpmlTopologicalSection.create`.
A topological section will be a :class:`pygplates.GpmlTopologicalPoint` if the referenced geometry is a point or a :class:`pygplates.GpmlTopologicalLineSection`
if the referenced geometry is a polyline (or a topological line, provided it's being added to a topological polygon or network as determined by `topological_geometry_type`).
   
.. note:: We are not specifying a geometry property name when calling :meth:`pygplates.GpmlTopologicalSection.create`. This means the *default* geometry property name
  (for the referenced feature *type*) is used. However it is sometimes possible for geometry to be placed in two different properties (with different property names).
  If the geometry happened to be in a non-default geometry property then we would need to explicitly specify that property name.

.. note:: The `reverse_order` flag in :meth:`pygplates.GpmlTopologicalSection.create` is not needed (can be left as default, as we have done here)
   if the topological sections always intersect each other (or if they’re points, and hence have no orientation). This flag is only used when a line section stops
   intersecting both its neighbouring line sections (known as *rubber banding*).


.. _pygplates_create_topological_network_interiors:

Create a topological network interior for each referenced feature
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

::

    def create_topological_network_interiors(
            referenced_features):
        
        topological_network_interiors = []
        
        for referenced_feature in referenced_features:
            topological_network_interior = pygplates.GpmlTopologicalSection.create_network_interior(
                referenced_feature)
            if topological_network_interior:
                topological_network_interiors.append(topological_network_interior)
        
        return topological_network_interiors

This function wraps each referenced feature in a topological network interior by calling :meth:`pygplates.GpmlTopologicalSection.create_network_interior`.
A topological network interior is actually a :class:`pygplates.GpmlPropertyDelegate` (which is what is stored inside a :class:`pygplates.GpmlTopologicalSection`)
and is what references a specific geometry property within a feature (since a :class:`property delegate<pygplates.GpmlPropertyDelegate>` contains a property name and feature ID).

.. note:: Any regular geometry (point, multipoint, polyline, polygon) or topological line can be referenced by a topological network interior.
   If a regular polygon geometry is referenced then it will be treated as a rigid interior block in the topological network and will not be part of the deforming region.
   This means anything inside this interior polygon geometry will move rigidly using the plate ID of the referenced polygon feature.
   
.. note:: We are not specifying a geometry property name when calling :meth:`pygplates.GpmlTopologicalSection.create_network_interior`. This means the *default* geometry property name
  (for the referenced feature *type*) is used. However it is sometimes possible for geometry to be placed in two different properties (with different property names).
  If the geometry happened to be in a non-default geometry property then we would need to explicitly specify that property name.


.. _pygplates_create_topological_features_input:

Input
"""""

The contents of the input file `features.gpml`:
::

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <gpml:FeatureCollection xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/XMLSchema-instance" gpml:version="1.6.0339" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.gplates.org/gplates ../xsd/gpml.xsd http://www.opengis.net/gml ../../../gml/current/base">
        <gml:featureMember>
            <gpml:UnclassifiedFeature>
                <gpml:identity>GPlates-63b81b91-b7a0-4ad7-908d-16db3c70e6ed</gpml:identity>
                <gpml:revision>GPlates-70312c4a-66d8-4f3d-8daf-1a5818ff7cc7</gpml:revision>
                <gpml:reconstructionPlateId>
                    <gpml:ConstantValue>
                        <gpml:value>0</gpml:value>
                        <gml:description></gml:description>
                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:plateId</gpml:valueType>
                    </gpml:ConstantValue>
                </gpml:reconstructionPlateId>
                <gpml:unclassifiedGeometry>
                    <gpml:ConstantValue>
                        <gpml:value>
                            <gml:OrientableCurve gml:orientation="+">
                                <gml:baseCurve>
                                    <gml:LineString>
                                        <gml:posList gml:dimension="2">30.015933113679623 -89.653669889720803 0.1281258847639748 -89.468031335503937 -29.759681344151701 -89.282392781287072 </gml:posList>
                                    </gml:LineString>
                                </gml:baseCurve>
                            </gml:OrientableCurve>
                        </gpml:value>
                        <gml:description></gml:description>
                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:OrientableCurve</gpml:valueType>
                    </gpml:ConstantValue>
                </gpml:unclassifiedGeometry>
                <gml:name>section1</gml:name>
                <gml:validTime>
                    <gml:TimePeriod>
                        <gml:begin>
                            <gml:TimeInstant>
                                <gml:timePosition gml:frame="http://gplates.org/TRS/flat">http://gplates.org/times/distantPast</gml:timePosition>
                            </gml:TimeInstant>
                        </gml:begin>
                        <gml:end>
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                        <gml:end>
                            <gml:TimeInstant>
                                <gml:timePosition gml:frame="http://gplates.org/TRS/flat">http://gplates.org/times/distantFuture</gml:timePosition>
                            </gml:TimeInstant>
                        </gml:end>
                    </gml:TimePeriod>
                </gml:validTime>
            </gpml:UnclassifiedFeature>
        </gml:featureMember>
        <gml:featureMember>
            <gpml:UnclassifiedFeature>
                <gpml:identity>GPlates-56f22e61-ddd5-4c2f-ae41-54e5f66f47ec</gpml:identity>
                <gpml:revision>GPlates-058aabb9-b65d-42c2-839e-ba24b1522892</gpml:revision>
                <gpml:reconstructionPlateId>
                    <gpml:ConstantValue>
                        <gpml:value>0</gpml:value>
                        <gml:description></gml:description>
                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:plateId</gpml:valueType>
                    </gpml:ConstantValue>
                </gpml:reconstructionPlateId>
                <gpml:unclassifiedGeometry>
                    <gpml:ConstantValue>
                        <gpml:value>
                            <gml:Point>
                                <gml:pos>-31.867176406629042 -44.845945173141473</gml:pos>
                            </gml:Point>
                        </gpml:value>
                        <gml:description></gml:description>
                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:Point</gpml:valueType>
                    </gpml:ConstantValue>
                </gpml:unclassifiedGeometry>
                <gml:name>section13</gml:name>
                <gml:validTime>
                    <gml:TimePeriod>
                        <gml:begin>
                            <gml:TimeInstant>
                                <gml:timePosition gml:frame="http://gplates.org/TRS/flat">http://gplates.org/times/distantPast</gml:timePosition>
                            </gml:TimeInstant>
                        </gml:begin>
                        <gml:end>
                            <gml:TimeInstant>
                                <gml:timePosition gml:frame="http://gplates.org/TRS/flat">http://gplates.org/times/distantFuture</gml:timePosition>
                            </gml:TimeInstant>
                        </gml:end>
                    </gml:TimePeriod>
                </gml:validTime>
            </gpml:UnclassifiedFeature>
        </gml:featureMember>
        <gml:featureMember>
            <gpml:UnclassifiedFeature>
                <gpml:identity>GPlates-56ffca31-df55-4a3e-b943-06faa1407fed</gpml:identity>
                <gpml:revision>GPlates-b5db7213-2b3d-4a86-a174-95c2b80a201c</gpml:revision>
                <gpml:geometryImportTime>
                    <gml:TimeInstant>
                        <gml:timePosition gml:frame="http://gplates.org/TRS/flat">0</gml:timePosition>
                    </gml:TimeInstant>
                </gpml:geometryImportTime>
                <gpml:reconstructionPlateId>
                    <gpml:ConstantValue>
                        <gpml:value>0</gpml:value>
                        <gml:description></gml:description>
                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:plateId</gpml:valueType>
                    </gpml:ConstantValue>
                </gpml:reconstructionPlateId>
                <gpml:unclassifiedGeometry>
                    <gpml:ConstantValue>
                        <gpml:value>
                            <gml:Polygon>
                                <gml:exterior>
                                    <gml:LinearRing>
                                        <gml:posList gml:dimension="2">18.100666221662301 -75.520561910076495 24.246112075556994 -63.567489221900708 3.281896991735711 -62.286190250042978 2.1276072929563159 -76.53473534276786 18.100666221662301 -75.520561910076495 </gml:posList>
                                    </gml:LinearRing>
                                </gml:exterior>
                            </gml:Polygon>
                        </gpml:value>
                        <gml:description></gml:description>
                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:Polygon</gpml:valueType>
                    </gpml:ConstantValue>
                </gpml:unclassifiedGeometry>
                <gml:name></gml:name>
                <gml:validTime>
                    <gml:TimePeriod>
                        <gml:begin>
                            <gml:TimeInstant>
                                <gml:timePosition gml:frame="http://gplates.org/TRS/flat">http://gplates.org/times/distantPast</gml:timePosition>
                            </gml:TimeInstant>
                        </gml:begin>
                        <gml:end>
                            <gml:TimeInstant>
                                <gml:timePosition gml:frame="http://gplates.org/TRS/flat">http://gplates.org/times/distantFuture</gml:timePosition>
                            </gml:TimeInstant>
                        </gml:end>
                    </gml:TimePeriod>
                </gml:validTime>
            </gpml:UnclassifiedFeature>
        </gml:featureMember>
        <gml:featureMember>
            <gpml:UnclassifiedFeature>
                <gpml:identity>GPlates-a913e755-deaf-4bc5-918a-a124611341c1</gpml:identity>
                <gpml:revision>GPlates-b8219a47-fffd-4168-b7da-055f9b1b3e35</gpml:revision>
                <gpml:geometryImportTime>
                    <gml:TimeInstant>
                        <gml:timePosition gml:frame="http://gplates.org/TRS/flat">0</gml:timePosition>
                    </gml:TimeInstant>
                </gpml:geometryImportTime>
                <gpml:reconstructionPlateId>
                    <gpml:ConstantValue>
                        <gpml:value>0</gpml:value>
                        <gml:description></gml:description>
                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:plateId</gpml:valueType>
                    </gpml:ConstantValue>
                </gpml:reconstructionPlateId>
                <gpml:unclassifiedGeometry>
                    <gpml:ConstantValue>
                        <gpml:value>
                            <gml:MultiPoint>
                                <gml:pointMember>
                                    <gml:Point>
                                        <gml:pos>-7.1465444497372816 -76.638108802987674</gml:pos>
                                    </gml:Point>
                                </gml:pointMember>
                                <gml:pointMember>
                                    <gml:Point>
                                        <gml:pos>-6.8407045187705684 -62.253091750364177</gml:pos>
                                    </gml:Point>
                                </gml:pointMember>
                                <gml:pointMember>
                                    <gml:Point>
                                        <gml:pos>-17.077692628611821 -62.601951440567611</gml:pos>
                                    </gml:Point>
                                </gml:pointMember>
                                <gml:pointMember>
                                    <gml:Point>
                                        <gml:pos>-16.232765704854504 -77.830176342213377</gml:pos>
                                    </gml:Point>
                                </gml:pointMember>
                            </gml:MultiPoint>
                        </gpml:value>
                        <gml:description></gml:description>
                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:MultiPoint</gpml:valueType>
                    </gpml:ConstantValue>
                </gpml:unclassifiedGeometry>
                <gml:name></gml:name>
                <gml:validTime>
                    <gml:TimePeriod>
                        <gml:begin>
                            <gml:TimeInstant>
                                <gml:timePosition gml:frame="http://gplates.org/TRS/flat">http://gplates.org/times/distantPast</gml:timePosition>
                            </gml:TimeInstant>
                        </gml:begin>
                        <gml:end>
                            <gml:TimeInstant>
                                <gml:timePosition gml:frame="http://gplates.org/TRS/flat">http://gplates.org/times/distantFuture</gml:timePosition>
                            </gml:TimeInstant>
                        </gml:end>
                    </gml:TimePeriod>
                </gml:validTime>
            </gpml:UnclassifiedFeature>
        </gml:featureMember>
    </gpml:FeatureCollection>


Output
""""""

The contents of the output file `topologies.gpml`. Note that the feature IDs of the topological features will differ for each run:
::

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <gpml:FeatureCollection xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/XMLSchema-instance" gpml:version="1.6.0339" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.gplates.org/gplates ../xsd/gpml.xsd http://www.opengis.net/gml ../../../gml/current/base">
        <gml:featureMember>
            <gpml:UnclassifiedFeature>
                <gpml:identity>GPlates-242ae377-f6fd-4ecd-a1fe-1760e2fe13a9</gpml:identity>
                <gpml:revision>GPlates-095a8012-72d5-48d3-bd37-d33672319f8a</gpml:revision>
                <gpml:unclassifiedGeometry>
                    <gpml:ConstantValue>
                        <gpml:value>
                            <gpml:TopologicalLine>
                                <gpml:section>
                                    <gpml:TopologicalPoint>
                                        <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                            <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-56f3c23d-1ee5-47a9-a46e-006d2aa463c3</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:Point</gpml:valueType>
                                            </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                        </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                    </gpml:TopologicalPoint>
                                </gpml:section>
                                <gpml:section>
                                    <gpml:TopologicalPoint>
                                        <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                            <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-0ba4c93d-474e-4d9b-8f1b-618cb21024de</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:Point</gpml:valueType>
                                            </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                        </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                    </gpml:TopologicalPoint>
                                </gpml:section>
                                <gpml:section>
                                    <gpml:TopologicalPoint>
                                        <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                            <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-84be6d41-6c32-4184-9c44-c38e399090a0</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:Point</gpml:valueType>
                                            </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                        </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                    </gpml:TopologicalPoint>
                                </gpml:section>
                                <gpml:section>
                                    <gpml:TopologicalPoint>
                                        <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                            <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-3df7a9df-aefc-403e-a16c-faf203776fd1</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:Point</gpml:valueType>
                                            </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                        </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                    </gpml:TopologicalPoint>
                                </gpml:section>
                                <gpml:section>
                                    <gpml:TopologicalPoint>
                                        <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                            <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-56f22e61-ddd5-4c2f-ae41-54e5f66f47ec</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:Point</gpml:valueType>
                                            </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                        </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                    </gpml:TopologicalPoint>
                                </gpml:section>
                            </gpml:TopologicalLine>
                        </gpml:value>
                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:TopologicalLine</gpml:valueType>
                    </gpml:ConstantValue>
                </gpml:unclassifiedGeometry>
            </gpml:UnclassifiedFeature>
        </gml:featureMember>
        <gml:featureMember>
            <gpml:TopologicalClosedPlateBoundary>
                <gpml:identity>GPlates-e13e3a00-8841-4642-9ef2-885de70fe3c7</gpml:identity>
                <gpml:revision>GPlates-057f735b-4f63-445b-8f5d-ebcb9a9f8b50</gpml:revision>
                <gpml:boundary>
                    <gpml:ConstantValue>
                        <gpml:value>
                            <gpml:TopologicalPolygon>
                                <gpml:exterior>
                                    <gpml:TopologicalSections>
                                        <gpml:section>
                                            <gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                                <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                    <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                        <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-5369725b-5ca6-49b2-83c6-0417dbb5fca2</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                        <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:LineString</gpml:valueType>
                                                    </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                <gpml:reverseOrder>false</gpml:reverseOrder>
                                            </gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                        </gpml:section>
                                        <gpml:section>
                                            <gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                                <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                    <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                        <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-48bd0e0f-e7c8-4dea-9e0a-4bc0e1403db6</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                        <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:LineString</gpml:valueType>
                                                    </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                <gpml:reverseOrder>false</gpml:reverseOrder>
                                            </gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                        </gpml:section>
                                        <gpml:section>
                                            <gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                                <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                    <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                        <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-71470e03-9e99-4205-80d9-727d7a3700de</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                        <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:LineString</gpml:valueType>
                                                    </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                <gpml:reverseOrder>false</gpml:reverseOrder>
                                            </gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                        </gpml:section>
                                        <gpml:section>
                                            <gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                                <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                    <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                        <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-242ae377-f6fd-4ecd-a1fe-1760e2fe13a9</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                        <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:TopologicalLine</gpml:valueType>
                                                    </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                <gpml:reverseOrder>false</gpml:reverseOrder>
                                            </gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                        </gpml:section>
                                    </gpml:TopologicalSections>
                                </gpml:exterior>
                            </gpml:TopologicalPolygon>
                        </gpml:value>
                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:TopologicalPolygon</gpml:valueType>
                    </gpml:ConstantValue>
                </gpml:boundary>
            </gpml:TopologicalClosedPlateBoundary>
        </gml:featureMember>
        <gml:featureMember>
            <gpml:TopologicalNetwork>
                <gpml:identity>GPlates-425b5dbe-0c59-4b84-89bf-524bb2cae155</gpml:identity>
                <gpml:revision>GPlates-a3bfc37e-a018-46ef-8b44-e3acb56eedb3</gpml:revision>
                <gpml:network>
                    <gpml:ConstantValue>
                        <gpml:value>
                            <gpml:TopologicalNetwork>
                                <gpml:boundary>
                                    <gpml:TopologicalSections>
                                        <gpml:section>
                                            <gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                                <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                    <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                        <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-63b81b91-b7a0-4ad7-908d-16db3c70e6ed</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                        <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:LineString</gpml:valueType>
                                                    </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                <gpml:reverseOrder>false</gpml:reverseOrder>
                                            </gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                        </gpml:section>
                                        <gpml:section>
                                            <gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                                <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                    <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                        <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-aa1d0d5a-0445-4380-a516-d2bc66e477a7</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                        <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:LineString</gpml:valueType>
                                                    </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                <gpml:reverseOrder>false</gpml:reverseOrder>
                                            </gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                        </gpml:section>
                                        <gpml:section>
                                            <gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                                <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                    <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                        <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-e184b54d-abb0-465b-8820-c73c543d2562</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                        <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:LineString</gpml:valueType>
                                                    </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                <gpml:reverseOrder>false</gpml:reverseOrder>
                                            </gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                        </gpml:section>
                                        <gpml:section>
                                            <gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                                <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                    <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                        <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-5369725b-5ca6-49b2-83c6-0417dbb5fca2</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                        <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:LineString</gpml:valueType>
                                                    </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                <gpml:reverseOrder>false</gpml:reverseOrder>
                                            </gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                        </gpml:section>
                                        <gpml:section>
                                            <gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                                <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                    <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                        <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-242ae377-f6fd-4ecd-a1fe-1760e2fe13a9</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                        <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:TopologicalLine</gpml:valueType>
                                                    </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                <gpml:reverseOrder>false</gpml:reverseOrder>
                                            </gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                        </gpml:section>
                                        <gpml:section>
                                            <gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                                <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                    <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                        <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-cc5b9027-d227-4e97-bb06-df26786fd1ec</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                        <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:LineString</gpml:valueType>
                                                    </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                                <gpml:reverseOrder>false</gpml:reverseOrder>
                                            </gpml:TopologicalLineSection>
                                        </gpml:section>
                                    </gpml:TopologicalSections>
                                </gpml:boundary>
                                <gpml:interior>
                                    <gpml:TopologicalNetworkInterior>
                                        <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                            <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-56ffca31-df55-4a3e-b943-06faa1407fed</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:LinearRing</gpml:valueType>
                                            </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                        </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                    </gpml:TopologicalNetworkInterior>
                                </gpml:interior>
                                <gpml:interior>
                                    <gpml:TopologicalNetworkInterior>
                                        <gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                            <gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                                <gpml:targetFeature>GPlates-a913e755-deaf-4bc5-918a-a124611341c1</gpml:targetFeature>
                                                <gpml:targetProperty xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:unclassifiedGeometry</gpml:targetProperty>
                                                <gpml:valueType xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml">gml:MultiPoint</gpml:valueType>
                                            </gpml:PropertyDelegate>
                                        </gpml:sourceGeometry>
                                    </gpml:TopologicalNetworkInterior>
                                </gpml:interior>
                            </gpml:TopologicalNetwork>
                        </gpml:value>
                        <gpml:valueType xmlns:gpml="http://www.gplates.org/gplates">gpml:TopologicalNetwork</gpml:valueType>
                    </gpml:ConstantValue>
                </gpml:network>
            </gpml:TopologicalNetwork>
        </gml:featureMember>
    </gpml:FeatureCollection>